Given the different income inequalities between rural, urban and metropolitan areas in Paraguay, the standard Roy model predicts the possibility that a selection bias of rural metropolitan migrants exists. Based on an extended Roy model, which allows for correlation between labor market characteristics and moving cost, I use a switching regression model to evaluate if migrants from rural to met...

BACKGROUND Studies in the United States show that rural persons with HIV are more likely than their urban counterparts to be diagnosed at a late stage of infection, suggesting missed opportunities for HIV testing in rural areas. To inform discussion of HIV testing policies in rural areas, we generated nationally representative, population-based estimates of HIV testing frequencies in urban vs. ...

The consumption of oil fuel in Java shows that more than 70% of oil fuel is consumed in metropolitan cities, 14.2% is consumed in big cities, and 15.67% is consumed in medium cities. The variables of urban transport system powerfully influencing on oil fuel consumption are motor vehicles and roads. The influence of city typology (the number of population and) on oil fuel consumption is greater ...

Introduction Continued urban sprawl combined with slowed-down or failed attempts of local government reform has resulted in a growing divergence between functional and institutional urban spaces in most industrialised countries. Today, cities in the (weberian) sense of territorially integrated socioeconomic entities no longer exist. The urban phenomenon is better described by the notion of metr...

Abstract Justice has always been a controversial issue and it is difficult to agree on its definition and dimensions. According to some experts, in order to establish justice a criterion should be defined for each blessing, gift or each area and transportation can be considered as one of these areas. In this study, in order to investigate the justice status in the distribution of urban tr...

this study investigates the application of landscape ecology in planning and design of urban ecological systems. the ecological approach to landscape planning and the concepts of designing and implementing ecological systems have gained increasing attention in the last two decades. however, the ecological systems of urban environment need more research to consider built and natural patches and ...

quantifying urban landscape is fundamental for monitoring and assessing ecological and socioeconomic consequences of urbanization. expansion of roads is a significant factor driving urban landscape change. the aim of this research is quantifying impacts of roads on isfahan city landscape. to achieve this aim, land use map of isfahan was created in 6 classes: urban, green spaces, agricultural, b...

Synthesizing and exploring large-scale realistic urban road networks is beneficial to 3D content creation, traffic animation, and urban planning. In this paper, we present an interactive tool that allows untrained users to design roads with complex realistic details and styles. Roads are generated by growing a geometric graph. During a sketching phase, the user specifies the target area and the...