In this paper we have proposed a next generation hybrid WDM/TDM based PON architecture. We have analyzed the role of WDM in access networks, the challenges and strategies to enable smooth and economical migration from current TDM-PONs to future WDM-PONs. The proposed architecture is based on collector ring and distributed star networks that can support both existing TDMPONs and new WDM-PONs. Th...

This article analyses employment and wage change patterns in India for a period spanning almost three decades, 1983 to 2011. Using data from the National Sample Survey Organisation, this study finds evidence of job polarisation (employment growth in lowand high-skill jobs, and reduction in the middle) in urban India during the 1990s and 2000s. However, the 1980s experienced an employment upgrad...

In Sangan iron mine nearly two million tons of low-grade iron ore has been extracted and deposited in the mining site and currently no action is made on them. On the other hand, the mining site is located in the semi-arid region and wet processing has been restricted due to water shortage. In this research, the upgradation of Sangan low-grade iron ore from mine B has been performed by dry low-i...

This paper is based on “Opinion of the Audit-Commission Strengthening Resource and Environmental Auditing” issued by Audit Commission in 2009. The commission suggested studies impact industrial structure upgradation manufacturing enterprises China, 2006 to 2008 stocks listed companies Shanghai Shenzhen. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) Differences-in-Differences (DID) were used test induced effe...

The Einstein-Hilbert (EH) action is peculiar in many ways. Some of the Peculiar features have already been highlighted literature. In present article, we discussed some EH which has not earlier. It well-known that there are several ways decomposing into bulk and surface part with different underlying motivations. We provide a review on all these decompositions. Then, attempt to study static coo...

The black shale of Chimiari region of Khyber Pakthunkhawa Pakistan is sieved for its mineral evaluation of various fractions. Disc Pulverizer made by Mine and Smelter Supply Co. Denver USA used for grinding and Tyler series for sieving to get the required range of fractions. Study showed a gradual decrease in concentration of S iO2, Al2O3, K2O, V2O5 and TiO2 from higher fraction size to lower f...