Unidirectional links can occur in wireless networks and mixed-media networks. However, the vast majority of routing algorithms proposed to date require bidirectional links to operate. We present an efficient link-state routing algorithm, which we call ULPC, that operates with unidirectional links. ULPC is based on the concept of “inclusive cycle” of a link, which is the distance that link-state...

A xed-length binary code is called t{unidirectional error detecting if no codeword can be transformed into another codeword by at most t unidirectional errors. In this paper we consider the problem of mapping information sequences of length k into code-words of a t{unidirectional error detecting code of length k + p. In case of systematic codes we show that the parameters p and t must satisfy t...

Rates of liquid secretion and absorption across the bronchopulmonary airways are important for regulating airway surface liquid volume and maintaining mucociliary transport. The current study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring not just net liquid movements but unidirectional liquid movements across isolated intact bronchi from swine. Airways were liquid filled to assess both net liquid m...

Experiments have shown that unidirectional links are quite common in wireless sensor networks. Still, many MAC protocols ignore their existence, even though they have a tremendous impact on the performance of both TDMAand contention based protocols. In contention based protocols the medium may be assumed free when it is indeed busy. In TDMA based protocols two neighboring nodes might get assign...

The Multi-Protocol Encapsulation (MpE) is a standard method for encapsulating IP packets into MpEG-2 TS frames. However MPE has some disadvantages in simplicity and efficiency to support next generation network. The Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation (uLE) is a new solution to overcome limitations of MpE. In uLE, packets are layered directly into the payload field of MPEG-2 TS frames. Thi...

Photonic wire lasers are a new genre of lasers that have a transverse dimension much smaller than the wavelength. Unidirectional emission is highly desirable as most of the laser power will be in the desired direction. Owing to their small lateral dimension relative to the wavelength, however, the mode mostly propagates outside the solid core. Consequently, conventional approaches to attach a h...

In periodically varying environments, population models generate periodic dynamical systems. To understand the effects of unidirectional dispersal on local patch dynamics in fluctuating environments, dynamical systems theory is used to study the resulting periodic dynamical systems. In particular, a unidirectional dispersal linked two patch nonautonomous metapopulation model is constructed and ...

We demonstrate a hybrid silicon ring laser with an internal amplifying S-bend that couples a fraction of the counter-clockwise circulating light into the the clockwise direction. The device supported single-mode, unidirectional laser oscillation at certain bias conditions. A spatial field distribution model is derived to describe the unidirectional operation. A unidirectional clockwise laser ou...

An Er"+-doped fiber ring laser with unidirectional operation without optical isolator has been investigated for different cavity conditions. The fiber ring laser cavity is built in such a way that the optical fields propagating in the two directions suffer different losses. As a consequence, the laser oscillation appears in a quasi-unidirectional form. By incorporating a fiber pigtailed bandpas...

This study attempts to investigate the effect of oil returns and external debt on the government expenditure in Syria over the period 1970-2010. The Johansen cointegration test showed that oil returns and external debt have a positive and significant long run relationship with government expenditure. The Granger causality test indicates unidirectional short-run causality relationships running f...