the rock masses in a construction site of underground cavern are generally not continuous, due to the presence of discontinuities, such as bedding, joints, faults, and fractures. the performance of an underground cavern is principally ruled by the mechanical behaviors of the discontinuities in the vicinity of the cavern. during underground excavation, many surrounding rock failures have close r...

To identify voids around underground concrete sewer pipes, a few studies have introduced conducting in-pipe Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) inspection systems along the pipes. However, less research has focused on studying implications of emission, propagation, and reception electromagnetic waves in enclosed environment pipes their subsequent impact resulting radargrams. We defined simulation sc...