Bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) are key features of leaf structure with currently little-understood functions. To test the hypothesis that BSEs reduce the hydraulic resistance from the bundle sheath to the epidermis (r(be)) and thereby accelerate hydropassive stomatal movements, we compared stomatal responses with reduced humidity and leaf excision among 20 species with heterobaric or homobaric...

Plant growth and development directly depend on several physical variables, such as light, temperature or humidity and also indirectly through the action of pests (pathogens, insects) or pollutants. This dependency results from biological processes such as photosynthesis, mineral root absorption, stomatal opening, or disease development, responding to these physical variables. These responses a...

underground economy affects important indexes such as formal gdp, unemployment, consumption, production and etc. therefore it is necessary to identify elements and factors which affect underground economy to restrict it. surveys and studies indicate the size of iran’s underground economy is high and taxes, quantity and quality of regulations and performance of formal economy are the important f...

The foundation framework for underground spatial data aims to establish the platform for the underground spatial data sharing and integrating. The reasons lie in that: a) the long-term development of city construction has accumulated abundant underground spatial data and information; b) the development and utilization of city underground space demands for clear, detailed and visualized comprehe...

The KAGRA gravitational-wave detector in Japan is the only operating hosted an underground infrastructure. Underground sites promise a greatly reduced contribution of environment to noise thereby opening possibility extend observation band frequencies well below 10 Hz. For this reason, proposed next-generation infrastructure Einstein Telescope Europe would be realized aiming for that extends fr...

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSN) constitute one of the promising application areas of the recently developed wireless sensor networking techniques. The main difference between WUSN and the terrestrial wireless sensor networks is the communication medium. The propagation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves in soil and the significant differences between propagation in air pr...

Room-and-pillar mining is commonly employed for the extraction of rock salt in underground mines. Pillar stress a major concern these mines as it directly related to stability and mineral recovery. In this study flat jack method was used measure pillar stresses three Pakistan. The field work included determination in-situ stress, elastic modulus, recording variables (pillar length width, height...

Due to the high attenuation of radio frequency (RF) signals in underground mines and the statutory power restriction of communication gadgets especially for coal mines, the wireless communication systems have restricted applications in the underground mines. The paper discusses different radio frequency communication techniques being employed for Indian underground mines. Experiments were condu...

Due to its unique sensitivity to hydrogen protons, magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is the only geophysical method that directly detects water and can provide nondestructive information on subsurface aquifer properties. The relationship between the surface MRS signal and the location and characteristics of aquifers using large-coil (typically 50-150 m) sensors has been discussed based on forwa...

Many coal mine companies have established underground safety monitor and control systems. However, the safety management information can only be displayed on the 2D maps or as reports. In this paper, a new method that combines the VR technologies with underground mine safety monitoring technologies was explored. A desktop virtual reality program for underground coal mine, called VRLane, was dev...