This paper discusses the elements of socialist and post-socialist (un)employment and informal economy. A growing economic crisis and a reduced participation in the formal labor market in the newly-formed Croatian state in the early 1990s brought about an increase in unemployment and gave rise to informal economy. However, informal economy had been widespread even before, in the late socialist p...

Improving energy efficiency is one of the most important energy policies in many countries. This study mainly focused on the economic and environmental effects of energy efficiency improvements in Iran’s electricity sector on Iran’s economy using a computable general equilibrium framework. Furthermore, the potential benefits of carbon reduction were explored. The results showed that the most si...

The underground economy (UE) also known as the shadow economy is a phenomenon known throughout the world. The growth of the UE is a matter of increasing concern, at least, throughout the developed nations. Researchers have recognized that the underground economy and crime are linked. Studies on the US, Canada and the transition economies indicate that crime and the shadow economy are facts of l...

We investigate some characteristics of the underground economy in New Zealand by testing for Granger causality between measured and "hidden" real GDP in that country. We find clear evidence of causality from measured to hidden economic activity, but only weak evidence of causality in the reverse direction. This poses a dilemma for policy-makers who wish to stimulate economic growth and also min...

The indexes of multifactor productivity for two-digit manufacturing sectors prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for sectors in manufacturing have been revised and extended to cover the 1949–92 period. These indexes, also called the “KLEMS” multifactor measures, compare changes in output to changes in a composite of all the inputs used in production—capital, labor, energy inputs, nonenerg...

Macroeconomic forecasting is a very difficult task due to the lack of an accurate, convincing model of the economy. The most accurate models for economic forecasting, “black box” time series models, assume little about the structure of the economy. Constructing reliable time series models is challenging due to short data series, high noise levels, nonstationarities, and nonlinear effects. This ...

Sustainable development is about creating a balance between and environment, it consists of three essential principles: society, economy. Today, one the most important challenges in deep open pit mines transition from to underground, which has positive negative impacts on sustainable indexes. In order reduce these adverse impacts, impact various parts operation indexes should be evaluated corre...