The low ionization state in parts of a sunspot may play an important role in its evolution and dynamical state. The cool magnetic interior region of the sunspot develops a substantial neutral atomic and molecular hydrogen osmotic pressure which can drive a wind outward from the umbra. Ambipolar diffusion against the magnetically pinned ionized plasma component can also distort the umbral magnet...

Prel iminary results of tbe measurements of the electroQ and ion components of plasma obtained by means of wide-angle detectors onboard the Venera-9 and Venera-l0 satell ites are presented. Stable electron and fluctuating ion fluxes were detected in the optical and corpuscular umbra. As a result of the plasma characteristics ob­ served at a few hundred kilometers above the optical umbra, we ref...

An algorithm for generating shadows with an umbra and penumbra due to distributed light sources is presented. The method used is based on the inclusion of the shadow volumes in the object data processed by a depth-buffer visible surface computation. The standard depth-buffer data structure is modified to allow the handling of shadows with a depth-buffer hidden surface algorithm. The algorithm i...

Shadows serve as e ective cues for a user to recognize spatial relations among objects in 3D space. However simple shadows typically used in 3D interfaces are often insu cient for the purpose, and rendering of shadows with real penumbra are not only too costly for interactive interfaces, but also do not enhance their capabilities as spatial cues. Our proposal, layered penumbra is a new interact...

Abstract In addition to the Evershed flow directed from umbra toward outer boundary of a sunspot, under special circumstances counter (CEF) in opposite direction also occurs. We aim characterize proper motions and evolution three CEFs observed by Solar Optical Telescope on board Japanese Hinode spacecraft Helioseismic Magnetic Imager Dynamics Observatory. use state-of-the-art inversions radiati...

We analyse a sunspot simulation in an effort to understand the origin of convective instabilities giving rise penumbral and umbral distinct regimes. applied criterion from Gough \& Tayler (1966), accounting for stabilising effect vertical magnetic field investigate MURaM simulation. find: (1) highly unstable shallow layer right beneath surface extending all over box which convection is triggere...

In this paper Mathematical structure of time-dependent Lagrangian systems and their symmetries are extended and the explicit relation between constants of motion and infinitesimal symmetries of time-dependent Lagrangian systems are considered. Starting point is time-independent Lagrangian systems ,then we extend mathematical concepts of these systems such as equivalent lagrangian systems to th...