unenforceability (inopposabilité) is a double sanction. because this sanction combines in the same time “validity” and “nullity”, validity between the parties and nullity to third parties. our law obtains this sanction from french law. thus for an exact study, referring to original law is inevitable. in iranian law there are sporadic instances of unenforceability. but sometimes unenforceability...

In order to reduce animal testing, companies registering chemical substances under the EU REACH legislation must propose rather than conduct certain tests on animals. Third parties can submit 'scientifically valid information' relevant to these proposals to the Agency responsible, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), who are obliged to take the information into account. The European Coalition ...

Websites are increasingly presenting content and services that are not created and managed by the publisher’s website administrators themselves, but are provided by other third-parties. While third-party content and services provide value and utility to the site visitors, this comes at the cost of visitor information being shared with the third-parties. Thus, information is shared not just with...

according to the principle of severability, in the case of partial breach related remedy is applied only on that part hence other part is valid. in english law and convention for the international sale of goods (1980) this principle is applied explicitly so, in partial breach, partial remedies are applied in these two laws. on the basis of jurisprudence rules like severance, inferred rules of a...

The present studies investigate how the intentions of third parties influence judgments of moral responsibility for other agents who commit immoral acts. Using cases in which an agent acts under some situational constraint brought about by a third party, we ask whether the agent is blamed less for the immoral act when the third party intended for that act to occur. Study 1 demonstrates that thi...