In order to protect wiring, facilities, human bodies and the like from electric accidents such as overcurrent to the load, a short circuit, ground fault or earth leakage of an electrical line, low-voltage circuit breakers, as typifi ed by molded case circuit breakers (MCCB) and earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB), are installed in every type of machine, equipment, facility and building that u...

The TanDEM-X (TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement) mission comprises two nearly identical satellites: TerraSAR-X (TSX, launched in 2007), and TanDEM-X (TDX, launched in June 2010). The primary objective of the mission is to generate a worldwide and consistent digital elevation model (DEM) with an unprecedented accuracy. During the first three months after its launch, the TDX sat...

AlSat-1, the First Algerian National Satellite, and the first of five microsatellites in the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC), was launched on the 28 November 2002 from Plesetsk. AlSat-1 was joined by SSTL built Microsatellites for Nigeria, the United Kingdom and Turkey with the second DMC launch on the 23 September 2003 and the fifth microsatellite for China was launched into the same o...

We report measurements of eeects of 2.1 MeV and 40 MeV protons on Charge Coupled Device X-ray detectors of a type soon to be launched on several astronomical research satellites. We discuss ground performance characterization techniques and compare our measurements to simple models of the detector damage mechanism. We predict detector peformance degradation rates in low-earth orbit. We plan to ...

Tropical upper-troposphere clouds are expected to rise under global warming, contributing a positive radiative feedback. Here we show that Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrievals over 2002–2021 from the Terra and Aqua satellites report tropical-mean high-cloud altitude increase of 6.9 ± 2.7 m yr−1 (±2σ), while atmospheric models 5.6 3.0 1979–2014. During their common ov...

In Japan, transdermal fentanyl (Durotep Patch) was launched in March 2002, and it was regarded as making opioid rotation possible. When changing from morphine to transdermal fentanyl, the efficacy ratio of 1:150 is used in Japan as well as in many other countries. However, the ratio of 1:100 is used in Germany. As a result, a dose increase in transdermal fentanyl is often required to control pa...

the grace mission has provided scientific community time-variable gravity field solutions with high precision and on a global scale. the grace mission was launched on march 2003. this mission consists of two satellites that pursue each other in their orbit. distance between two satellites in orbit is measured continuously to an accuracy of better than 1 micron using kbr system placed in satelli...

Satellites and other complex systems now become more and more software dependent. Even nano satellites have complexity that can be compared to scientific instruments launched to Mars. COTS components and subsystems may now be purchased to support payload development. On the contrary, the software has to be adapted to the the new payload and, consequently, hardware architecture selected for the ...