This paper addresses the issue of minimizing the routing delay in ad hoc on-demand routing protocols through optimizing the Time-to-Live (TTL) interval for route caching. An analytical framework is introduced to compute the expected routing delay when the source node has a cached route with a given TTL value. Furthermore, a numerical method is proposed to determine the optimal TTL of a newly di...

On-demand routing reduces the control overhead in mobile ad hoc networks, but it has the major drawback of introducing latency between route-request arrival and the determination of a valid route. This paper addresses the issue of minimizing the delay in on-demand routing protocols through optimizing the Time-to-Live (TTL) interval for route caching. An analytical framework is introduced to com...

In multihop wireless networks, delivering a packet to all nodes within a specified geographic distance from the source is a packet forwarding primitive (geography-limited broadcasting), which has a wide range of applications including disaster recovery, environment monitoring, intelligent transportation, battlefield communications, and location-based services. Geography-limited broadcasting, ho...

In this study, we investigated the pro- and antioxidant status of patients with a pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in terms of their role in its pathogenesis. During the study period, 34 children and 41 adults were diagnosed with CCHF. The control group consisted of healthy age- and gender-matched children and adults. Serum levels of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), t...

Web caching is an important technique for accelerating web applications and reducing the load on the web server and the network through local cache accesses. As in the traditional data caching, web caching poses the wellrecognized problem of maintaining cache consistency. Web caching, however, has the leeway of delaying the refreshment of caches when the web server updates the original data, i....

The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is a key region controlling transport between the troposphere and the stratosphere. The efficiency of transport across the TTL depends on the continuous interaction between the large-scale advection and the small-scale intermittent convection that reaches the Level of Zero radiative Heating (LZH). The wide range of scales involved presents a significant chall...

A major disturbance for network providers in recent years have been Distributed Reflective Denial-of-Service (DRDoS) attacks. In such an attack, the adversary spoofs the IP address of a victim and sends a flood of tiny packets to vulnerable services. The services then respond to spoofed the IP, flooding the victim with large replies. Led by the idea that an attacker cannot fabricate the number ...

For the first time the long-term interannual and spatial variability of residence time (τ ) is presented for the TTL between 360 K and 400 K potential temperature (∼14 to 18 km altitude). The analysis is based on a Lagrangian approach using offline calculated diabatic heating rates as vertical velocities, covering Northern Hemisphere (NH) winters from 1962–2004. The residence time τLCP−400 K, b...

[1] GFDL AM2 model simulations are analyzed to assess the simulated radiative effect of tropical tropopause layer (TTL) cirrus on tropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST). The strongest upward motion in the model’s TTL is generally driven by dynamics instead of radiation, occurring in those TTL cloudy regions that overlap with optically thick clouds in the upper troposphere (UT). Ho...

[1] There are some interesting day versus night differences in the water vapor and carbon monoxide concentrations near the tropopause over tropical land and ocean from 4 years of EOS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations. To interpret these differences, the diurnal cycle of deep convection reaching near tropical tropopause summarized from a decade of tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRM...