Aspergillus niger has an innate ability to secrete various organic acids, including citrate. The conditions required for A. niger citrate overproduction are well described, but the physiological reasons underlying extracellular citrate accumulation are not yet fully understood. One of the less understood culture conditions is the requirement of growth-limiting iron concentrations. While this ha...

The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of different concentrations of catalase in two extenders on motility, viability and lipid peroxidation bull spermatozoa during semen freezing process. Thirty ejaculates collected from ten Holstein bulls were pooled and evaluated at 37 °C. Pool ejaculated was split into two main experimental groups, 1 and 2. In experiment 1, specimen was diluted...

With a medium containing citrate as the carbon and energy source, 10 clostridial strains were isolated from various mud samples. Characterization of these strains revealed that they all belonged to the same species, Clostridium sphenoides. Strains of this organism obtained from culture collections were also able to grow citrate, whereas 15 other clostridial species tested were not. Citrate was ...

A longevity gene called Indy (for 'I'm not dead yet'), with similarity to mammalian genes encoding sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporters, was identified in Drosophila melanogaster. Functional studies in Xenopus oocytes showed that INDY mediates the flux of dicarboxylates and citrate across the plasma membrane, but the specific transport mechanism mediated by INDY was not identified. To test wheth...

In the past 3 years techniques have been developed for autoradiographic localization of diffusable compounds including neurotransmitter receptor ligands (Young and Kuhar, 1979; Herkenham and Pert, 1980). The high spatial resolution of these techniques has provided elegant demonstrations of the regional heterogeneity of receptor densities within the CNS, however, this is achieved at the expense ...

I. General methods All Fmoc-protected natural amino acids were purchased from Advanced Chemtech (Louisville, KY). Fmocperfluorophenylalanine (Fmoc-Z) was purchased from Chem-Impex Int’l Inc.(Wood Dale, IL). Fmoc-Gly-Wang resin was purchased from Novabiochem (San Diego, CA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). Peptide synthesis was finished on a Tribute peptide...

In the course of population screening for genetically determined variation of the glycolytic enzymes in human brain [1], we have found electrophoretic evidence for tissue-specific isozymes of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM; E.C.2.7.5.3). PGAM reversibly converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. Skeletal muscle PGAM migrates slowly, while PGAM from brain and other tissues migrates rapidl...

The cryoprotective effects of glycerol in three different semen freezing extenders, Tris-citrate (TRIS), TEST, and Tes-Tris-Egg yolk (TTE), on wild-type (WT) rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) sperm cryopreservation have been tested. Sperm motility and viability were examined to evaluate the integrity of frozen-thawed sperm, and the best extender was selected to cryopreserve sperm from transgenic H...

The crystal structure of anhydrous tris-odium citrate, Na3(C6H5O7), has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory (DFT). There are two independent five-coordinate Na(+) and one six-coordinate Na(+) cations in the asymmetric unit. The [NaO5] and [NaO6] polyhedra share edges and corners to form a three-dimensional framew...

This study investigated bovine embryo development in vitro in the presence of acetoacetate in serum-free medium. In vitro-matured and fertilized oocytes from ovaries of slaughtered cows were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) containing citrate, myo-inositol, lactate and pyruvate. In the medium with acetoacetate this compound replaced both lactate and pyruvate as energy sources. Three ex...