Recently developed landmark-based geometric morphometry has been used to depict the morphological development of organisms. In geometry, four landmarks can be mapped to any other four by Möbius transformations, if the cross-ratio of the landmarks is invariant and vice versa. To geometrically analyze the morphological development of the human body, we examined the cross-ratio of three consecutiv...

OBJECTIVE To describe pattern 1 injuries caused by the antipersonnel improvised explosive device (AP-IED) in comparison to those previously described for antipersonnel mines (APM). DESIGN Prospective cohort study of 100 consecutive pedestrian victims of an AP-IED, with traumatic amputation without regard for gender, nationality or military status. SETTING Multinational Medical Unit at Kanda...

The diverse cellular contributions to the skeletal elements of the vertebrate shoulder and pelvic girdles during embryonic development complicate the study of their patterning. Research in avian embryos has recently clarified part of the embryological basis of shoulder formation. Although dermomyotomal cells provide the progenitors of the scapular blade, local signals appear to have an essentia...

fractures through the sacroiliac joint are very challenging to treat, technically difficult to reduce through closed methods on account of the multiaxial displacement of fractures fragments, frequently occur in very unwell patients, and have poor outcomes if malreduction is present. we describe a technique utilising the lateral window and a short buttress plate to reduce and stabilize the fragm...

background : fecal incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of fecal material. fecal incontinence is a particularly embarrassing and distressing condition with significant medical, social and economic implications. the purpose of this article is to review the relevant the role of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in fecal incontinence. materials and mthods : we performed a literature searc...