While sound is a useful cue for guiding the onshore orientation of larvae because it travels long distances underwater, it also has the potential to convey valuable information about the quality and type of the habitat at the source. Here, we provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that settlement-stage coastal crab species can interpret and show a strong settlement and metamorphosis resp...

An important problem in the application of cluster analysis is the decision regarding how many clusters should be derived from the data. The aim of the paper is to determine a number of clusters with a distinctive breaking point (elbow), calculating variance ratio criterion (VRC) by Calinski and Harabasz and J-index in order to check robustness of cluster solutions. Agglomerative hierarchical c...

BACKGROUND Long distance is a leading environmental barrier to walking to school and requires long-term, multilevel interventions. Meanwhile, childhood obesity remains highly prevalent, calling for more immediate solutions. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine attitudinal and environmental correlates of walking to the elementary school, controlling for distance. METHODS Using pa...

Localization — determining one’s location in a known environment — is a fundamental task for an autonomous robot. We analyze worst-case behavior in terms of performance ratio and travel cost. We assume no actuator or sensory uncertainty, and we consider both tactile and long range sensors in both discrete grid graphs and continuous polygonal domains. We show that it is NP-hard to find localizat...

We describe a method that uses crowdsourced postcode coordinates and Google maps to estimate average distance and travel time for inhabitants of a municipality to a casualty clinic in Norway. The new method was compared with methods based on population centroids, median distance and town hall location, and we used it to examine how distance affects the utilisation of out-of-hours primary care s...

Understanding the public transportation users’ preferences to long-distance travel modes would contribute to reasonable developing policies and resource allocation. This paper aims to explore the influencing mechanism of potential factors on the long-distance travel mode choice. A survey was conducted to collect the data. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach was applied to analyze the corr...

In many industrialised countries, the climate impact from long-distance travel is greater than that short-distance travel. this paper, we present five scenarios for in 2060, which are consistent with a 67% probability of limiting global warming to 1.8 degrees. The concern by Swedish population, but per capita volume and fuel use could be generalised globally. A key result all require reductions...

OBJECTIVES To (i) summarize the methods undertaken to measure physical accessibility as the spatial separation between women and health services, and (ii) establish the extent to which distance to skilled care for childbirth affects utilization in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHOD We defined spatial separation as the distance/travel time between women and skilled care services. The use of skilled ca...