today the most common formal communication tool in social systems is writing so that formalization as one of the main structural dimensions of organization is measured in terms of the written rules level. confidence-building of writing in administrative relationships is so that lawyers consider written documents as one of evidences in courts. as far as the validity of written documents exceeded...

there is no doubt that the way to gain access to religious rulings and doctrines is the sunna of the prophet and the imams, as only second to the holy qur’ān, which is reported in thousands of traditions in various tradition books. in the meantime, every theologian and ḥadīth researcher has to leave behind two stages for a proper understanding of traditions: in the first stage, he is to conside...

literature is among the the fundamental factors in the promotion and dissemination of any religion, and sometimes writers and poets of any era,have usedstylograph,expression, emotion, imaginationand powerto presenttheir religious beliefs, that’s why that a link can be made between literature and religion. shi’a poetry is one of the greatest branches of literature, that from the time of the pres...

The question of the origin of Islamic mysticism has been one of the major concerns of many researchers in the field of mysticism in the recent decades. Some have maintained that Islamic mysticism is an imported product: a combination of Eastern spiritual traditions or a mixture of Manichaeism and Alexandrian philosophy. However, in order to find out the real origin of Islamic mysticism, the bes...

according to the traditionists (akhbārīs), “inference of theoretical precepts from the external meanings of the qur’ān and the sunna of the prophet without reference to the infallible imams is not permitted. also, after enquiry into the sayings of the imams, if no contextual evidence is found, it has to be ceased and no recourse can be made to the above external meanings.” the reasons that akhb...