Different quality, reserves and production force countries to import fossil fuels to advance their economic development. It is exergy of fossil fuels that is essentially important to economy. Thus, it forms an international exergy flow network embodied in the global fossil energy trade. Based on complex network theory, we built a global fossil energy exergy flow network with countries as nodes,...

The argument that stringent environmental regulations are generally thought to harm export flows is crucial when determining policy recommendations related to environmental preservation and international competitiveness. By using bilateral trade data, we examine the relationships between trade flows and various environmental stringency indices. Previous studies have used energy intensity, abate...

This paper analyzes the effects of exchange rate volatility on bilateral trade flows. Through use of a gravity model and panel data from western Europe, exchange rate uncertainty is found to have a negative effect on international trade. The results seem to be robust with respect to the particular measures representing exchange rate uncertainty. Particular attention is reserved for problems of ...

According to the recent literature on finance, financial development generates a larger value of trade flows. Nevertheless, whereas access to capital has much increased during the last two decades, trade economists tell us that the number of bilateral trade relationships remained unchanged or increased at a much lower rate. This paper investigates the role of financial development on the intens...

This thesis aims to shed light on the determinants of bilateral trade flows across countries. Following the ideas of Linder, a demand-side approach is being taken next to the prevailing trade theories analysing trade from a supply-side perspective. Recent theoretical works predict patterns of trade in which southern countries export mostly to northern countries and northern countries to a broad...

A Gravity Model of Migration between ENC and EU Due to ageing population and low birth rates, the European Union (EU) will need to import foreign labour in the next decades. In this context, the EU neighbouring countries (ENC) are the main countries of origin and transit of legal and illegal migration towards Europe. Their economic, cultural and historical links also make them an important pote...

Spatial interaction is a broad term encompassing any movement over space that results from a human process . It includes journey-to-work, migration, information and commodity flows, student enrollments and conference attendance, the utilization of public and private facilities, and even the transmission of knowledge . Gravity models are the most widely used types of interaction models . They ar...

This paper uses a gravity model to assess ex-post regional trade agreements. The model includes 130 countries and is estimated with panel data over the period 1962–1996. The introduction of the correct number of dummy variables allows for identification of Vinerian trade creation and trade diversion effects, while the estimation method takes into account the unobservable characteristics of each...

What’s the Buzz? In the summer of 2002, I started to circulate research that argued it is not clear that the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) or its pre-1995 predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) have actually increased trade. My argument was empirical and used two sorts of evidence. First, in my 2004 paper, I used bilateral and multilateral data sets to show that trad...

One feature of the European patent system that is heavily criticized nowadays is related to its complex fragmentation and the induced cost burden for applicants. Once a patent is granted by the EPO, the assignee must validate (and often translate) it and pay the renewal fees to keep it in force in each country in which the applicant seeks protection. The objective of this paper is to assess to ...