the present study was aimed to identify the frequency of coagulase (coa) and thermonuclease (nuc) genes and staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea) production among staphylococcus aureus isolated from various sources in shiraz. moreover, the correlation between the sea gene and coagulase and thermonuclease enzymes is also considered. a total of 100 s. aureus were isolated from various sources includ...

introduction: toxigenic clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis. the pathogenicity of c. difficile is related to toxins a&b.; children with cancer are at risk of developing c. difficile infection (cdi) due to increased exposure to antibiotics, immunosuppression, and longer hospital stays. recently, due to higher sensitivit...

10.1601/nm.5000 is a rod-shaped facultative anaerobic spore forming bacterium of the genus 10.1601/nm.4857. The defining feature of the species is the ability to produce parasporal crystal inclusion bodies, consisting of δ-endotoxins, encoded by cry-genes. Here we present the complete annotated genome sequence of the nematicidal 10.1601/nm.5000 strain MYBT18246. The genome comprises one 5,867,7...

Nemerteans are one of few animal groups that have evolved the ability to utilize toxins for both defense and subduing prey, but little is known about specific nemertean toxins. In particular, no study has identified specific toxin genes even though peptide toxins are known from some nemertean species. Information about toxin genes is needed to better understand evolution of toxins across animal...

BACKGROUND Clostridium botulinum and related clostridial species express extremely potent neurotoxins known as botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) that cause long-lasting, potentially fatal intoxications in humans and other mammals. The amino acid variation within the BoNT is used to categorize the species into seven immunologically distinct BoNT serotypes (A-G) which are further divided into subtype...

The aim of the work was a comparative study expression main virulence genes in Vibrio cholerae strains classical biovar, typical and genetically modified V. , El Tor biovar. Materials methods . Natural toxigenic O1, biovar (J89, Pakistan, 1969), (M-887, Astrakhan, 1970) (301, Taganrog, 2011) were used as model ones. grown under optimum conditions for production cholera toxin toxin-coregulated p...

The major virulence factor produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a pore‐forming toxin called crystal (Cry) toxin, which targets and kills insects and nematodes. To understand how this bacterial toxin interacts with its invertebrate hosts, a genetic screen in C. elegans for nematodes resistant to Bt toxin was carried out. Four of the five genes that mutated to toxin resistance...

The dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama is lethal to a variety of marine organisms, in particular, commercially important farmed bivalves. Unlike most dinoflagellate toxins, which are polyketides, the only described toxin from H. circularisquama (H2-a) is a porphyrin derivative that functions in light. It is unknown whether H2-a is produced specifically for its lytic properties. We searc...

All over the world, Escherichia coli (STEC), which produces Shiga toxin, is recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen. Ruminants, particularly cattle, are their main reservoirs, but role of small ruminants in epidemiology human infections has not been extensively evaluated many countries. In this study, it was aimed to determine toxin subtypes Stx1, Stx2, eae and ehxa genes producing isolate...