Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. It is usually a consequence of antibiotic treatment, But sporadic cases can occur. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of the nosocomial Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) associated diarrhea in Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals and study of antibacterial susceptibility of isolates. In this study ...

The relevance of free radical generation and oxidative stress with regard to aflatoxin production was examined by comparing the oxygen requirement and antioxidant status of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus with that of a nontoxigenic strain at early (trophophase) and late logarithmic (idiophase) growth phases. In comparison to the nontoxigenic strain, wherein the oxygen requirement...

The microbiota is a major source of protection against intestinal pathogens; however, the specific bacteria and underlying mechanisms involved are not well understood. As a model of this interaction, we sought to determine whether colonization of the murine host with symbiotic non-toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis could limit acquisition of pathogenic enterotoxigenic B. fragilis We observed strain...

Objective: Molds produce poisons called mycotoxins,OTA is one of the most relevant mycotoxins which is generally produced by Aspergillus, its presence in food and feed products being regulated in many countries. Methods: From the first May to the last October2011,sampling was done according to"CBS" instructions for indoor and outdoor situations. Isolates were identified and recorded in the labo...

Objective: Molds produce poisons called mycotoxins,OTA is one of the most relevant mycotoxins which is generally produced by Aspergillus, its presence in food and feed products being regulated in many countries. Methods: From the first May to the last October2011,sampling was done according to"CBS" instructions for indoor and outdoor situations. Isolates were identified and recorded in the labo...

Forty-five fungal isolates from moldy supermarket foods were tested for toxicity to brine shrimp, and twenty-two of these isolates were subsequently tested for toxicity to chicken embryos. Highly toxigenic fungi were Cladosporium sphaerospermum from a bakery product, Fusarium oxysporum from carrots, F. solani from cabbage, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum from bread, P. cyclopium ...

Objective: Molds produce poisons called mycotoxins,OTA is one of the most relevant mycotoxins which is generally produced by Aspergillus, its presence in food and feed products being regulated in many countries. Methods: From the first May to the last October2011,sampling was done according to"CBS" instructions for indoor and outdoor situations. Isolates were identified and recorded in the labo...

The genes for Clostridium difficile toxins A and B (tcdA and tcdB) are part of a 19.6-kb pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) that includes the genes tcdD, tcdE, and tcdC. To determine whether the C. difficile PaLoc is a stable and conserved genetic unit in toxigenic strains, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze 50 toxigenic, 39 nontoxigenic, and 2 toxin-defective isolates. The resp...

Toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and wetted (23% moisture) sterile, cracked corn for 14 and 21 days, respectively. Volatile compounds produced by A. flavus, as well as those present in the PDA controls and sterile cracked maize, were collected using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectr...

OBJECTIVE To assess a new immunochromatography (ICT) test that detects glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) antigen and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B simultaneously, and to propose an algorithm for the diagnosis of C. difficile infection (CDI) based on this test. METHODS We analysed 970 stool samples. Discrepant results between GDH and toxin A/B were resolved using toxigenic culture as the referen...