Total path length, or search cost, for a rooted tree is defined as the sum of all root-to-node distances. Let Tn be the total path length for a random recursive tree of order n. Mahmoud (1991) showed that Wn := (Tn − E[Tn])/n converges almost surely and in L2 to a nondegenerate limiting random variable W . Here we give recurrence relations for the moments of Wn and of W and show that Wn converg...

In this paper, we consider the leader length minimization problem for boundary labelling, i.e. the problem of finding a legal leaderlabel placement, such that the total leader length is minimized. We present an O(nlogn) algorithm assuming type-opo leaders (rectilinear lines with either zero or two bends) and labels of uniform size which can be attached to all four sides of rectangle R. Our algo...

Animal species come in many shapes and sizes, as do the individuals and populations that make up each species. To us, humans might seem to show particularly high levels of morphological variation, but perhaps this perception is simply based on enhanced recognition of individual conspecifics relative to individual heterospecifics. We here more objectively ask how humans compare to other animals ...

Although laboratory and observational studies suggest that many animals are capable of compensatory growth after periods of food shortage, few field experiments have demonstrated structural growth compensation in the wild. Here, we addressed the hypotheses that (i) food restriction can induce structural compensatory growth in free-living animals, (ii) that compensation is proportional to the le...

The identity of a newly discovered population of pale potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida associated with potato in eastern Idaho was established by morphological and molecular methods. Morphometrics of cysts and second-stage juveniles were generally within the expected ranges for G. pallida with some variations noted. The Idaho population and paratype material from Epworth, Lincolnshire, En...

OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to compare the different doses of clove oil, Propiscin, and tricaine methane sulphonate (MS 222) in relation to water temperature in pikeperch aquaculture. DESIGN For assessment of this experiment 168 fish (10.77 ± 0.59 cm total body length and 7.88 ± 1.74 g body weight) were used. Three different anaesthetic treatments (Propiscin, clove oil and MS ...

The pelvis is a sexually dimorphic structure and although the causes of that dimorphism have long been studied, relatively little is known regarding the effects of partuitive events on the magnitude of that dimorphism. Here, we use a sample of Mus musculus domesticus to contrast dimorphism in body length and os coxae size and shape between males and parous and nulliparous females. We also test ...

Larval development of Gobius xanthocephalus with descriptions of the ontogeny of the main structures, changes in pigmentation patterns and allometric relationships are presented for the first time. No previous descriptions ofG. xanthocephalus larvae are available and therefore field collected larvae were compared with larvae obtained under controlled conditions. The DNA of adults, juveniles and...

1. Velocity thresholds of neurones in the displacement-sensitive pathway of the crayfish were investigated using a stimulus programme of ramp fluid movements, with a range of velocities from 0-01-55 cm s" at the source (in both forward and backward directions). 2. The velocity of the stimulus was calculated to produce particle movements with velocities of between 0-001-1-0cms" at the receptors ...

Measuring the rate of consumption of oxygen ( ) during swimming reveals the energetics of fish locomotion. We show that rainbow trout have substantially different oxygen requirements for station holding depending on which hydrodynamic microhabitats they choose to occupy around a cylinder. We used intermittent flow respirometry to show that an energetics hierarchy, whereby certain behaviors are ...