In a mobile ad-hoc network, nodes cannot rely on any fixed infrastructure for routing purposes. Rather, they have to cooperate to achieve this objective. However, the absence of any trusted third party in such networks may result in nodes deviating from the routing protocol for selfish or malicious reasons. The concept of trusted routing has been promoted to handle the problems selfish and mali...

A host of operators around the World have announced that they will market the iPhone in their respective countries. Spain is not yet one of them, but it is generally expected that there will be an announcement on June 9 regarding its arrival in Spain. It is also supposed that this will happen through Telefónica, although it is worth noting that the mobile market in Spain is fairly fragmented, s...

Adopting concepts from statistical language modeling and rulebased transformations can lead to effective and efficient text-tophone (TTP) functions. We present here the methods and results of one such effort, resulting in a relatively compact and fast set of TTP rules that achieves 94.5% segmental phonemic accuracy.

background and purpose: a 3-unit course is dedicated to general language in medical universities and the vocabulary and text structure of the courses have usually no relation to medical language. we examine whether teaching general language will be as effective as medical language as assessed through recall of general and medical vocabulary and text structure knowledge. methods: an experimental...

today, in times of globalisation, intercultural competence is required more than ever before. therefore, language institutes are advocating and keen to train their students in intercultural competence too. accordingly, they ensure that their teachers include teaching additional cultural information about the country of the language being taught in their courses. the fact is, however, that durin...

many factors may be involved in determining why some students are more and some are less proficient in language. this study tried to explore the factors affecting iranian efl learners’ proficiency. 221 students at second, third and fourth year of university, including 50 male and 171 female were selected randomly to participate in the study. a researcher-made questionnaire and a proficiency tes...