There have been two competing paradigms in artificial intelligence (AI) development ever since its birth 1956, i.e., symbolism and connectionism (or sub-symbolism). While dominated AI research by the end of 1980s, gained momentum 1990s is gradually displacing symbolism. This paper considers as first generation second generation. However, each these simulates human mind from only one perspective...

The discovery of epigenetic bases has revolutionised the understanding disease and development. Among most studied marks are cytosines covalently modified at 5 position. In order to gain insight into their biological significance, ability determine spatiotemporal distribution within genome is essential. Techniques for sequencing on “next-generation” platforms often involve harsh chemical treatm...