When a thermopile is used to measure the heat production of isolated muscle, the muscle is surrounded by gas saturated with water vapour, initially in equilibrium with the muscle. After contraction, the osmolarity of the muscle is raised so that it is no longer in equilibrium with the gas around it, and condensation will occur. When artificial muscles of known osmolarity were placed on a thermo...

A method of fabricating Hill-Downing type, planar thermopiles by vacuum-deposition techniques is described in detail. The present model was designed for initial heat measurements on rabbit papillary muscles as small as 1 mg blotted wt, but it is also suitable for small bundles of frog muscle fibers (30-75). The thermopile has 20 or 14 junctions, an active length of 5 or 3.5 mm, and an actual th...

We have developed a calorimetry sensor that can perform a local measurement of the surface heat dissipated from the human body. The operating principle is based on the law of conductive heat transfer: heat dissipated by the human body passes across a thermopile located between the individual and a thermostat. Body heat power is calculated from the signals measured by the thermopile and the amou...

The IR loss in diffuse measurements made by thermopile pyranometers is examined. Diffuse measurements are used for the study of IR losses because diffuse irradiance is much smaller than the total irradiance and hence the IR effects can be more clearly seen. Specifically, diffuse measurements of an Eppley PSP pyranometer are compared to those made with a Schenk Star pyranometer. Pyranometers wit...

A thermoelectric biosensor for the detection of L-glutamate concentration was developed. The thermoelectric sensor is integrated into a micro-calorimeter which measures the heat produced by biochemical reactions. The device contains a single flow channel that is 120 µm high and 10 mm wide with two fluid inlets and one fluid outlet. An antimony-bismuth (Sb-Bi) thermopile with high common mode re...

The method recently described by Huggins, Miller, and Jensen (1049) for measuring defects in the coagulation mechanism of the sera of cancer patients cannot be applied without modification to the sera of small experimental animals because the quantity of serum required is too large. By substi tuting a measurement of the opacity of the heated serum for a measurement of its coagulability (or inhi...

People-counting data can be used in building-control systems to improve comfort and space management applications optimize building space. In this work, we consider a combi-sensor with single-pixel thermopile passive infrared sensor for people counting. We first develop signal model object temperature measurements under multiple occupancy. then propose counting method based on: cumulative sum (...