Spectral depth-profiling of optically turbid samples is of high interest to a broad range of applications. We present a method for measuring spatially-offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) over a range of length scales by incorporating a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) into a sample-conjugate plane in the detection optical path. The DMD can be arbitrarily programmed to collect/reject light at spat...

This study used a reef-up approach to map coral reef benthos, substrates and bathymetry, with high spatial resolution hyperspectral image data. It investigated a physics-based inversion method for mapping coral reef benthos and substrates using readily available software: Hydrolight and ENVI. Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data were acquired over Heron Reef in July 2002. The spec...

abstract soil invertebrate and their spatial pattern are affected strongly by environmental factors. spatial variability of soil properties is one of the most important reasons of the macrofauna variability. this study was conducted to investigate the spatial variability of soil properties and soil macrofauna biomass in the riparian forest landscape of karkhe river. soil macro fauna were sample...

Abstract Subsurface damage that is caused by mechanical machining a major impediment to the widespread use of hard–brittle materials. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted macro- or micromachining could facilitate shallow subsurface compared with conventional machining. However, was induced ultrasonic nanomachining on silicon crystal has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we used tip-...

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ABSTRACT- Paddy soils make up the largest anthropogenic wetlands on earth. Present study was performed to investigate and compare soil formation of paddy soils with long-term rice cultivation history with non-paddy soils and study the effect of waterlogging on soil pedogenesis. Soil samples were taken from paddy and non-paddy soils derived from the same calcareous parent materials. Some pedogen...

On the basis of simulation analysis, according to process route from macro micro, effects contact stress on raceway surface and micro distribution inclusion sub fatigue life high-speed track bearings are simulated analyzed. Firstly, by establishing most common spherical as in this paper, influence subsurface case is compared analyzed, size, depth type explored. Secondly, change with obtained re...

abstract this study was conducted to determine the impacts of different drip irrigation method and amount of water on yield and water use efficiency of tomato in varamin agricultural research center, iran. the study was done during two years. experimental design was randomized complete blocks design (rcbd) in split plot with three replications. three different drip irrigation method; surface dr...

The articles [22], [14], [25], [15], [1], [20], [3], [4], [16], [26], [11], [13], [12], [5], [6], [21], [9], [8], [10], [2], [7], [18], [23], [19], [24], and [17] provide the notation and terminology for this paper. For simplicity, we adopt the following convention: x, y, X are sets, m, n are natural numbers, O is an ordinal number, and R, S are binary relations. Let D be a set, let f be a part...