at the beginning, the marriage portion or dowry was considered as the price for selling the wife to the husband. the marriage portion was changed its nature as a gift by the advent of the divine religions and codification of laws. in modern custom of iran, the islamic concept of marriage portion has been completely changed and is no more considered as a gift, but it is security in marriage and ...

Sometimes structural loads are excessively high, and a decision must be made if intervention, either removal of the excess load or strengthening structure, is needed. This issue was addressed previously in retrofitting literature. However, equations for calculation were not presented. article includes based on full probabilistic reliability model failure probability excessive three materials: s...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether adequate vs excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) attenuated the association between maternal obesity and offspring outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Data from 313 mother-child pairs participating in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children study were used to test this hypothesis. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight measures throughout pregnancy...

Many mammalian AQPs, including AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, AQP5 and AQP8, function primarily as bidirectional water-selective transporters. Cells expressing AQPs on their plasma membrane have an ~5- to 50-fold higher osmotic water permeability than membranes that do not. Water transport through single-file pores poses a biophysical limitation on the efficiency with which AQPs can transport water, so that...

The role of heritable, population-wide cell damage in neoplastic development was studied in the 28 L subline of NIH 3T3 cells. These cells differ from the 17(3c) subline used previously for such studies in their lower frequency of "spontaneous" transformation at high population density and their greater capacity to produce large, dense transformed foci. Three cultures of the 28 L subline of NIH...

Worry is a normal response to uncertainty. Education, empathetic support, reassurance, and passage of time usually ameliorate ordinary worries. However, these common-sense strategies for dealing with transient worries often prove ineffective for patients with excessive worry, many of whom meet the criteria for disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Evide...