any change in the refractive index of a laser active medium can lead to serious degradation of beam quality, laser beam modes, laser performance and variation in the intensity distribution. alteration in the refractive index of laser active medium is especially notable in high power lasers. it is clear that in the laser beam production, the pumping agent induces a great amount of heat which...

the present dissertation aims to investigate four-word lexical bundles in applied linguistics research articles by iranian and internationally-published writers. the aims of this study are two-fold: first of all, attempts have been made to create a comprehensive list of the most commonly used four-word lexical bundles categorized by their type and token frequency, their structural characteristi...

abstract: postmethod is a newly developed pedagogy which as an alternative to method rejects the notion of good or bad methods and the concept of best method that can be generalized and appropriate for all contexts. instead, it treats each context as unique and one of a kind which cant be compared with other cases. this study is a postmethod-oriented one which investigates whether and how far t...

in this thesis, phosphorus ylides [phbppy], [no2bppy] and [brbppy] have been synthesized through the formation of phosphonium salt and dihydrogenation, followed by the reaction of pd(oac)2 and the orthopalladated dinuclear complexes [pd(?-cl)(phbppy)]2, [pd(?-cl)(no2bppy)]2 and [pd(?-cl)(brbppy)]2 have been produced. the reaction of dinuclear complexes and bidentate ligands [l = bipy (2,2-bipyr...

cement is an essential ingredient in the concrete buildings. for production of cement considerable amount of fossil fuel and electrical energy is consumed. on the other hand for generating one tone of portland cement, nearly one ton of carbon dioxide is released. it shows that 7 percent of the total released carbon dioxide in the world relates to the cement industry. considering ecological issu...

a novel and ultra low cost isfet electrode and measurement system was designed for isfet application and detection of hydronium, hydrazinium and potassium ions. also, a measuring setup containing appropriate circuits, suitable analyzer (advantech board), de noise reduction elements, cooling system and pc was used for controlling the isfet electrode and various characteristic measurements. the t...

با توجه به اینکه بیمه محصولات کشاورزی در ایران بیشتر جنبه ای حمایتی دارد و خسارات گزارش شده عموما بیش از حق بیمه های دریافت شده است، در این پایان نامه به جهت تعیین قیمت بیمه محصولات کشاورزی (گندم دیم) از فرآیندهای نوفه شلیک به عنوان مدلی مناسب استفاده شده است. بر اساس داده های صندوق بیمه کشاورزی از خسارات اعلام شده در سال زراعی 1388-1389 گندم دیم، در این پایان نامه حق بیمه خالص و ناخالص این محص...