Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is a rare entity. TTE associated with fused vas deferens is extremely rare. We present a case of transverse testicular ectopia of the right testis with fused vas deferens that presented to our out-patient department with left inguinal hernia. To our knowledge, a fused vas deferens has only been reported seven other times in published report. Clinical examinat...

Background: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), an industrial solvent, is a well-established hepatotoxin. Studies demonstrated that liver is not the only target organ of CCl4 since it causes free radical generation in other tissues such as testis. It has also been reported that exposure to CCl4 induces acute and chronic reproductive toxicity. Diverse medicinal plants have been screened and assessed fo...

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a polypeptide with various biological activities. Recent studies have shown that this and they receptors are expressed in human Leydig cells, Sertoli spermatogonia, spermatocytes sperm cells after birth, involved the endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis. However, there no report on expression TGF-β embryonic testis. TGF-β1 peptide widely distributed ...

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are classically known as hormonal factors and recent studies have revealed that FGFs have a key role in regulating growth and development of several reproductive organs, including the testis. The testis is mainly consisted of germ cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells to develop and maintain the male phenotype and reproduction. This review summarizes the structu...