Device-independent quantum communication will require a loophole-free violation of Bell inequalities. In typical scenarios where line of sight between the communicating parties is not available, it is convenient to use energy-time entangled photons due to intrinsic robustness while propagating over optical fibers. Here we show an energy-time Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality violation ...

This article presents, discusses and tests the hypothesis that it is the number of parties what can explain the choice of electoral systems, rather than the other way round. Already existing political parties tend to choose electoral systems that, rather than generate new party systems by themselves, will crystallize, consolidate or reinforce previously existing party configurations. A general ...

While mediation efforts in violent conflicts often fail, the academic literature on mediation has long ignored both this phenomenon and its consequences. This paper aims to fill this significant knowledge gap by examining the conditions under which the failure of media‐ tion leads to an escalation of civil war. Based on the literature on bargaining, we argue that the degree of negotiability of ...

Using insights from social choice theory, particularly Black’s concept of single-peaked preferences and Downs’s median-voter model, the authors previously investigated the theoretical impact of the alternative vote system (AV) on the success of moderate parties in an ethnically bipolar society. Focusing on the simplest case, that with one moderate and one extremist ethnic party associated with ...

considering the importance of the right wing parties in iranian political history, this article has tried to provide necessary information and discussions, which help us to understand the reasons of their formation and activities in order to fill the vacuum, which exist in this domain. for this purpose, i have tried to analyze three political phases and their relations to the political awarene...

Efficient scheduling for potential negotiations that could be initiated among interacting business parties is crucial to satisfy the embedded time or budget constraints that parties might have. An efficient schedule should guarantee the maximum possible utility to all parties taking into account the correlations or inter-dependencies that exist among different negotiable entities. In this proje...

Our purpose is to investigate auditor independence by developing a model that includes both financial and nonfinancial incentives and to test this model using an experiment. We develop the Gatekeeper Game: a three player game, where a gatekeeper makes a decision that affects the wealth of two parties (a proposer and a third party) who have conflicting interests. We find that gatekeepers represe...

Examining data from two national surveys of matched pairs of union and management lead negotiators, the authors evaluate the current state of practice in labor relations and test several propositions related to the transformation of American industrial relations. They find that 30-40% of the parties reported that they had introduced negotiated, workplace-level innovations or engaged in strategi...

Electoral systems are uniquely distributive political institutions that shape political outcomes, yet are themselves endogenously shaped outcomes of political choices. In Poland, party system development has involved not only parties adapting to electoral institutions in each election, but also parties modifying these institutions prior to every election. We model electoral system change as dri...