We define an effective temperature and study its properties for a class of out-of-equilibrium steady states in a heat bath. Our analysis is based on the anti-de Sitter spacetime/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence, and examples include systems driven by applied electric fields and branes dragged in plasmas. We found that the effective temperature can be lower than that of the heat b...

The paper explores some ideas on the maintenance of load equilibrium in a multi-agent manufacturing system, using concepts such as Temperature, Relative Heat and Latent Heat. The material presented here is based on work done as part of the international project on Holonic Manufacturing Systems. Furthermore, the paper investigates the nature of agent cooperation and examines whether a simple coo...

We consider an open system of non-interacting electrons consisting of a small sample connected to several reservoirs and temperature or voltage probes. We study the non-linear system of equations that determines the probe parameters. We show that it has a unique solution, which can be computed with a fast converging iterative algorithm. We illustrate our method with two well-known models: the t...

The properties of interfaces in non-equilibrium situations are studied by constructing a density matrix with a space-dependent temperature. The temperature gradient gives rise to new terms in the equation for the order parameter. Surface terms induced in effective actions by abrupt temperature changes provide a natural theoretical framework for understanding the occurence of both continuous and...

Two phenomenological approaches are currently used in the study of the vitreous state. One is based on the concept of fictive temperature introduced by Tool [J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 34, 199 (1945)] and recently revisited by Nieuwenhuizen [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 5580 (1998)]. The other is based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes initiated by De Donder at the beginning of the last ce...

Systems characterized by more than one temperature usually appear in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. In some cases, e.g., glasses, there is a temperature at which fast variables become thermalized, and another case associated with modes that evolve towards an equilibrium state in a very slow way. Recently, it was shown that a system of vortices interacting repulsively, considered as an ap...

in this study adsorption of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene on single walled carbon nanotubes has been investigated.  the effect of contact time, ph, initial concentration of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, adsorbent dosage and temperature on its adsorption has been carried out in order to find optimum adsorption conditions. adsorption isotherms and related constants were also determined. results showed that ...

methoxy polyethylene glycol modified magnetite nanoparticles (pegmns) were synthesized and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (sem), vibrating sample magnetometer (vsm), and x-ray diffraction (xrd) . the adsorption of diazinon onto (pegmns) was investigated by uv spectrophotometry at 236 nm, through batch experiments. the effects of adsorbent dosage, solution ph, contact time, s...