HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is of increasing public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa with the rollout of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Such data are, however, limited in Kenya, where HIV-1 drug resistance testing is not routinely performed. From a population-based household survey conducted between September and November 2012 in rural western Kenya, we retrospectively assessed H...

Nine time-domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, 2 to 10 cm long, were evaluated by comparing their measurement accuracy of TDR-pulse travel time in a sand and sandy loam soil, and electrical conductivity in NaCl solutions. TDR probes <2.5 cm in length generated troughhaped TDR waveforms with rounded corners at the points of the pulse reflection from the probe ends. The sharpness of the pulse refle...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether concerns about the release of metal ions in metal-on-metal total hip replacements (THR) should be extended to patients with metal-bearing total disc replacements (TDR). Cobalt and chromium levels in whole blood and serum were measured in ten patients with a single-level TDR after a mean follow-up of 34.5 months (13 to 61) using inductively-coupl...

Burkina Faso began rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up in 2003 and by December 2009, 26,448 individuals were on treatment. With rapid scale-up of ART, some degree of human immunodeficiency virus transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is inevitable. Following World Health Organization methods, between June 2008 and July 2009, Burkina Faso assessed TDR in primigravid pregnant women aged <25 ye...

The phenomenon of increased spontaneous incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) into peripheral blood mononuclear cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been investigated. The activity was found to be short lived and affected less than 1% of cells. Using a Percoll density gradient we identified two populations of active cells. RA patients with active synovitis and increased 3H-TdR incorporation ...

Plasmid pJM81 contains a Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) gene that is expressed in yeast. Cells containing the plasmid utilize thymidine (TdR) and the analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) for specific incorporation into DNA. TdR auxotrophs, harboring plasmid pJM81 and a mutation in the yeast gene TMP1 require high concentrations of TdR (300 micrograms/ml) to support normal growth rate...

BACKGROUND HIV transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is a public health concern because it has the potential to compromise antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the population level. In New York State, high prevalence of TDR in a local cohort and a multiclass resistant case cluster led to the development and implementation of a statewide resistance surveillance system. METHODOLOGY We conducted a cross-...

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA As with any surgery, care should be taken to determine patient selection criteria for lumbar TDR based on safety and optimizing outcome. These goals may initially be addressed by analyzing biomechanical implant function and early clinical experience, ongoing evaluation is needed to refine indications. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work was to synthesize information ...

The temperature-driven adaptation of the bacterial community in peat was studied, by altering temperature to simulate self-heating and a subsequent return to mesophilic conditions. The technique used consisted of extracting the bacterial community from peat using homogenization-centrifugation and measuring the rates of thymidine (TdR) or leucine (Leu) incorporation by the extracted bacterial co...