The greatest achievement of ASEAN’s intra-regional economic cooperation since its inception in 1976 is the realization ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which started with tariff cuts 1993. AFTA was completed January 2018 elimination tariffs. itself an FTA unusually high standard internationally, level liberalization exceeding even that TPP 11. However, when examined from aspect utilization, case T...

Welfare effect of tariff for a small country in the case of traditional tariff (exogenous) compared to free trade would decrease the welfare of the country. This paper has shown that the welfare effect of tariff in case of untraditional tariff (endogenous) can be explained by using the specific factors models (Jones) that fundamentally determined by Cournut- Nash Equilibrium system in contrary ...

The Doubtful Profitability of Foggy Pricing* A particular tariff option is said to be foggy when another option or a combination of other tariff options offered by the same firm is always less expensive regardless of the usage profile of any customer. Alternatively, tariff fogginess may refer to the whole set of tariff options and it is related to the low likelihood that a particular tariff opt...

This paper examines how a tariff affects firms’ efforts to produce safer foods that are supplied to consumers whose preference for safety of foods are different. I analyze the optimal trade policy for importing country that can impose a tariff or a subsidy on the foods. I show that the raise in tariff rate makes importing country’s firm chooses less effort to produce safer foods but foreign fir...

In rate making process the statistical information on claim experience are combined with observable variables describing the risks, in order to build a tariff. The observable variables considered in the tariff structure are called tariff variables and the premium for a new risk is estimated from the observed values of these variables. In this process, many statistical methods and mathematical a...

Low-income households spend a substantial share of their income on utility services such as electricity, heating and water. The difficulty these socially vulnerable consumers have in affording further tariff increases is often used as an argument against tariff reform. However, detailed information on the utility expenditures of different consumer groups and the affordability implications of ta...

Abstract In the developing world, services account for a rising share of domestic employment and international trade. Thus, it is important to know whether trade liberalization contributes labour productivity in services. We explore this question, examining 1990–2000 Brazilian liberalization. find that growth imports exports strengthened services, but contribution was smaller subsectors with mo...

This paper investigates the relationship between tariff and growth in the Australian economy over the period from 1871 to 2002. The study is motivated by the debate on the apparent ‘tariff-growth paradox’, a sign switch in the link between tariff rate and growth between the first and second episodes of globalization in world history, established from cross-country growth regressions. The long a...

A simple two-country model of economic geography is constructed in order to examine the effect of tariff competition on the spatial distribution of manufacturing activities as well as on welfare. We show that when the transport cost is sufficiently small, tariff competition with firm migration leads to a core-periphery economy, where one of the two countries imposes no tariff in Nash equilibriu...

We show that the effects of tariff changes on welfare and import volume are fully characterised by their effects on the generalised mean and variance of the tariff distribution, implying two "cones of liberalisation" in commodity price space. Because welfare is negatively but import volume positively related to the generalised variance, the cones do not intersect, which poses a policy dilemma. ...