A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...

As we have seen in other chapters, the operation and performance of various receiver functions can be quite sensitive to knowledge of the timing (data transition epochs) of the received data symbols. Thus, the ability to accurately estimate this parameter and continuously update the estimate, i.e., perform symbol synchronization (sync), with little knowledge of other parameters is critical to s...