Presented in this article is a new accurate tool swept volume generation algorithm based on a generalized cutter for five-axis NC simulation and verification. Based on the surface envelope theory and the differential geometry, using analytical method, the strict deduction process of critical curve equation and swept envelope equation for generalized cutter are given. The motion feature of the c...

Given a solid S ⊂ R with a piecewise smooth boundary, we compute an approximation of the boundary surface of the volume which is swept by S under a smooth one-parameter motion. Using knowledge from kinematical and elementary differential geometry, the algorithm computes a set of points plus surface normals from the envelope surface. A study of the evolution speed of the so called characteristic...

The distribution and abundance of small cryptic reef fishes were quantified among microhabitats and reef zones at both exposed and sheltered sites at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. A total of 1042 individuals from 44 species in 8 families were sampled. Marked variation in abundance, species numbers, size-class distribution and species composition were displayed among reef zones at exposed s...

Thrust generation by flapping is accompanied by alternating pitching moment. On the down-stroke, it pitches the bird down when the wings are above its centre of gravity and up when they are below; on the up-stroke, the directions reverse. Because the thrust depends not only on the flapping characteristics but also on the angle of attack of the bird's body, interaction between the flapping and b...

A method of designing the body of a swept wing-body combination, to obtain favourable wing-body interferenoe at transonio speeds, has been investigated in free flight at zero lift. Models of four different bodies, in combination with identical wings swept back 55 degrees, were flown within the range of Mach numbers between 0.8 and l-5 at Reynolds numbers, based on wing chord, up to 10 million. ...