Skim milk filtration is performed either at low or high temperature. However, there still a lack of knowledge concerning the influence temperature on membrane fouling. We used in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to study external fouling during crossflow ultrafiltration protein (casein micelle) dispersions 12 °C and 42 °C. Casein micelle concentration distribution was measured polarizat...

In response to osmotic perturbation, the Amphiuma red blood cell regulates volume back to "normal" levels. After osmotic swelling, the cells lose K, Cl, and osmotically obliged H2O (regulatory volume decrease [RVD] ). After osmotic shrinkage, cell volume is regulated as a result of Na, Cl, and H2O uptake (regulatory volume increase [RVI] ). As previously shown (Cala, 1980 alpha), ion fluxes res...

Exposure of Amphiuma red blood cells to millimolar concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) resulted in net K loss. In order to determine whether net K loss was conductive or was by electroneutral K/H exchange or KCl cotransport, studies were performed evaluating K flux in terms of the thermodynamic forces to which K flux by the above pathways should couple. The direction and magnitude of the N...

background:  sternocostoclavicular joint (sccj) swelling is an underdiagnosed, albeit important entity in clinical practice. the present study was conducted in order to identify the incidence and common causes of this entity.  methods:  patients presenting to the orthopaedic clinic with a swelling of the sternocostoclavicular joint, during the study period of two years were included, and detail...