For the first time, homologous superinfection exclusion was documented for rubella virus (RUB) by using Vero cells harbouring persisting RUB replicons. Infection with wild-type RUB was reduced by tenfold, whereas Sindbis virus infection was unaffected. Replication following infection with packaged replicons and transfection with replicon transcripts was also restricted in these cells, indicatin...

Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) following allogeneic transplantation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and predisposes to severe complications, including superinfection by Aspergillus species (spp). Antimicrobial polypeptides, including defensins and mannan-binding lectin, are known to block viral fusion by cross-linking sugars on cell surface. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), ...

Concomitant infection of HeLa cells with poliovirus and Sindbis (SB) virus allowed replication of poliovirus only. The poliovirus-induced interference with the replication of SB virus was dependent partially on the multiplicity of SB virus used for infection. The observed interference was not sensitive to guanidine. Translation, but not replication of poliovirus, appears to be needed for the re...

BACKGROUND The immunological response to HIV-1 infection has been postulated to impede superinfection with a second virus; however, a few recent reports have documented cases of HIV-1 superinfection in humans either from different viral clades or from the same clade. OBJECTIVE To differentiate between co-infection and superinfection in a patient harboring a distinct wild-type HIV 4 months aft...

A reproductive advantage afforded to female hosts by obligate intracellular Wolbachia infections can result in the spread of the vertically-inherited bacteria into the host population, replacing the uninfected cytotype (population replacement). Here we examine Wolbachia infection dynamics relevant to the origin of Wolbachia superinfection (i.e., host individuals that are co-infected with two or...

Strain superinfection occurs when a second strain infects a host already infected with and having mounted an immune response to a primary strain. The incidence of superinfection with Anaplasma marginale, a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants, has been shown to be higher in tropical versus temperate regions. This has been attributed to the higher prevalence of infectio...

Influenza A virus (IAV) causes respiratory tract infections leading to recurring epidemics with high rates of morbidity and mortality. In the past century IAV induced several world-wide pandemics, the most aggressive occurring in 1918 with a death toll of 20-50 million cases. However, infection with IAV alone is rarely fatal. Instead, death associated with IAV is usually mediated by superinfect...

BACKGROUND Scabies, a highly pruritic and contagious mite infestation of the skin, is endemic among tropical regions and causes a substantial proportion of skin disease among lower-income countries. Delayed treatment can lead to bacterial superinfection, and treatment of close contacts is necessary to prevent reinfestation. We describe scabies incidence and superinfection among children in Amer...

Abstract Bacterial superinfection and antibiotic prescribing in the setting of current mpox outbreak are not well described literature. This retrospective observational study revealed low prevalence (11%) outpatient for bacterial lesions; at least 3 prescriptions (23%) were unnecessary.

Many viruses have evolved strategies of so-called "superinfection exclusion" to prevent re-infection of a cell that the same virus has already infected. Although Old World arenavirus infection results in down-regulation of its viral receptor and thus superinfection exclusion, whether New World arenaviruses have evolved such a mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that acute infection by the N...