The Islamist group Boko Haram (BH) was founded in the early 2000s and less than two decades has transformed from a “Nigerian” movement into regional one. Tactical, strategic ideological differences between leaders of BH have repeatedly led to its splits separate factions; most serious occurred 2016, when split Islamic State West Africa Province Jamaatu Ahl-is-Sunna Lidda’Awati Wal-Jihad, latter...

Ayatollah Yusef Sanei was a prominent contemporary Shia scholar whose particular methodological approach led him to issue some of the most progressive fatwas on subject women’s rights. However, ideas he expressed in last decades his life have scarcely been addressed English language scholarship. This article explores Sanei’s broader jurisprudential and how applied it analyzing often challenging...

according to the traditionists (akhbārīs), “inference of theoretical precepts from the external meanings of the qur’ān and the sunna of the prophet without reference to the infallible imams is not permitted. also, after enquiry into the sayings of the imams, if no contextual evidence is found, it has to be ceased and no recourse can be made to the above external meanings.” the reasons that akhb...

Fungi are very important group of microorganisms with maximum number of representatives. Fungi provide several direct or indirect benefits to mankind such as decomposition of organic material, bioremediations of toxic materials, production of antibiotics and other industrial products etc (Rani et al., 2014; Kawaguchi et al., 2013; Sunna et al., 1997). In contrast to the benefits, fungi can also...

with regard to the evidences of the rule, what is inferred from the qur’an and the tradition (sunna) about the matter of authority over possessions, is the impermissibility of other’s invasion of human self, which is totally unrelated to the assertion of one’s authority over oneself. the realm and the quality of human’s authority over his own organs are not known to the wise, as the relevant po...

according to the content of the traditions that later on became renowned as “traditions of exposition” (‘arḍ) in the language of the legal theorists and jurists, the traditions whose issuance by the infallibles is suspicious are exposed to the holy qur’ān and are at least rejected in case they are opposed by the qur’ān. these traditions, that are among the sound and valid traditions in the shī‘...

Background: Female circumcision is a practice which has existed for thousands of years and is carried out across Africa from the north eastern coast to the west coast. On the Horn of Africa nearly all Somali women are circumcised, most of which are infibulated. Aim: The aim of the study has been to reveal current views, public and political opinions and to explore how and by whom the discourse ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation (FGM) and to compare the extent of cutting verified by clinical examination with the corresponding World Health Organization classification. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTINGS One paediatric hospital and one gynaecological outpatient clinic in Khartoum, Sudan, 2003-4. PARTICIPANTS 255 girls aged 4-9...

Islamic medical jurisprudence, which is the subjectconcemed with the application of Islamic laws to the area of medicine, has never been discussed as an independent field of jurisprudence, although several selected topics, especially those concerning food and beverages, sexuality, death, wounds and injuries, and doctor-patient relations have been more discussed than others. The results of a...