Generally, circular orbits of satellites are categorized as Geosynchronous Earth Orbits (GEO), Medium Earth Orbits (MEO) and Low Earth Orbits (LEO). The main difference between them is their attitude above the Earth’s surface (Richharia, 1999; Roddy, 2006; Maral and Bousquet, 2002). The Sun synchronization feature is typical for LEOs. Sun synchronized low Earth orbits have a very wide applicati...

A calculation based on flat spacetime symmetries shows how there can be two quantum phases. For one, extreme phase change determines a conventional classical trajectory and four-momentum, i.e. mass times four-velocity. The other phase occurs in an effective particle state, with the effective energy and momentum being the rate of change of the phase with respect to time and distance. A cosmic ra...

Answer Just before the moon passes into the shadow of the earth it is almost collinear with the sun and earth and on the opposite side of the earth from the sun [1]. This means that when viewed from the earth it is fully illuminated (full moon) [1]. The orbit of the moon around the earth is not coplanar with the orbit of the Ear th around the sun [1]. A full lunar eclipse can only occur if full...

Here we describe the mission design for SMART-2/LISA Pathfinder. The best trade-off between the requirements of a low-disturbance environment and communications distance is found to be a free-insertion Lissajous orbit around the first co-linear Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth system (L 1), 1.5 × 10 6 km from Earth. In order to transfer SMART-2/LISA Pathfinder from a low Earth orbit, where it wi...

Large-scale magnetic field configurations are important for the transport of solar wind strahl electrons, which are suprathermal and directed along the field outward from the Sun. Strahl electrons are routinely used to infer not only the field configurations between the Sun and Earth but also local field structures, i.e., field inversions, where the magnetic field is locally folded back or inve...