We introduce relational variants of neural topographic maps including the selforganizing map and neural gas, which allow clustering and visualization of data given in terms of a pairwise similarity or dissimilarity matrix. It is assumed that this matrix originates from an euclidean distance or dot product, respectively, however, the underlying embedding of points is unknown. One can equivalentl...

Sensory maps in the nervous system often connect to each other in a topographic fashion. This is most strikingly seen in the visual system, where neighboring neurons in the retina project to neighboring neurons in the target structure, such as the superior colliculus. This article discusses the developmental mechanisms that are involved in the formation of topographic maps, with an emphasis on ...

Flooding is one of the most devastating natural disasters occurring annually in the Philippines. A call for a solution for this malady is very challenging as well as crucial to be addressed. Mapping flood hazard is an effective tool in determining the extent and depth of floods associated with hazard level in specified areas that need to be prioritized during flood occurrences. Precedent to the...

Topographic maps represent the delineation of features of interest in a terrain by means of contour lines. There are several benefits of maintaining topographic maps in sensor networks they can be used for resolving spatial queries, visualizing available resources in the network, and understanding spatio-temporal characteristics about the events being monitored. In this paper, we consider the p...

To be successful in tree establishment, an assessment of land suitability would be necessary. The aim of this study was determining the potential habitats of three native tree species (Quercus persica, Pistacia atlantica, Amygdalous scoparia) in Siahkoh region of Ilam County, using Boolean method and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). For this regard, the slope, aspect and hypsometric maps o...

during an 11 days mission in february 2000 the shuttle radar topography mission (srtm) collected data over 80% of the earth's land surface, for all areas between 60 degrees n and 56 degrees s latitude. since srtm data became available, many studies utilized them for application in topography and morphometric landscape analysis. exploiting srtm data for recognition and extraction of topographic ...

Contour line is the main linear feature on topographic maps. Extraction of contour lines is tedious and time-consuming process, and is still an interesting problem. A novel method for extraction of contour lines from paper-based topographic maps is presented in this paper. In our approach, we firstly segment color topographic maps for achieving the binary image of brown color contour lines. The...