Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons that regulate dopamine neuron activity and have projection targets similar to those of dopamine neurons. A...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increased echogenicity of the substantia nigra is a typical transcranial sonography finding in Parkinson disease. Experimental software for digital analysis of the echogenic substantia nigra area has been developed. The aim of this study was to compare the evaluation of substantia nigra echogenicity by using digital analysis with a manual measurement in patients with Park...

increasing of wood demand is currently one of the most important problems in our society. different clones of populus nigra from salicacea as a native fast-growing species have a good potential for planting in wide scale. but because of the ecological differences in the field, especially. temperature alterations, segregation of the cold resistant clones in relation to in seedling stage establis...

low frequency stimulation (lfs) is a potential alternative therapy for epilepsy. however, it seems that the anticonvulsant effects of lfs depend on its target sites in the brain. thus, the present study was designed to compare the anticonvulsant effects of lfs administered to amygdala, piriform cortex and substantia nigra on amygdala kindling acquisition. in control group, rats were kindled in ...

Introduction: Morus nigra fruit is known to have antioxidant effects and used to control the blood sugar level in traditional medicine. Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical and histopathological changes in the serum and kidneys of diabetic rats treated with hydroalcoholic M. nigra extract. Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into...