Three experiments using Stroop paradigm were designed in which Chinese-English bilinguals were asked to name the ink color of Chinese characters in Chinese in Experiment 1 and in English in Experiment 2 and 3. The visual stimuli were divided into five critical conditions: color characters, homophones of the color characters (S+T+), different-tone homophones (S+T-), characters that shared the sa...

Two groups of college students were selected on the basis of their scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). The highDES group (score > 20, M = 29.6; n = 54) and low-DES group (score < 10, M = 5.1; n = 54) both completed the standard and a new dualtask version of the Stroop ink-naming task with xs (baseline condition) and color, neutral, and emotionally charged words. Free recall resu...

This study examined the relationship between two sources of interference in human information processing: the Stroop effect and the Simon effect. Forty subjects pressed a leftor right-hand key in response to a Stroop color word located on the left or right side of a screen. For one group, ink color was the relevant cue and, for another group, word meaning was the relevant cue. Independent varia...

Performance on the Stroop task reflects two types of conflict-informational (between the incongruent word and font color) and task (between the contextually relevant color-naming task and the irrelevant, but automatic, word-reading task). According to the dual mechanisms of control theory (DMC; Braver, 2012), variability in Stroop performance can result from variability in the deployment of a p...

Homophone interference effects in Stroop experiments are often taken as evidence for the hypothesis that semantic access in written Chinese language is mediated by activation of phonological processing. We here aim to test this hypothesis with Chinese single-character words by means of event related potential (ERP) recordings. Using color words, homophones of color words and color-word associat...

The electrophysiological correlates of the Stroop color-word interference effect were studied in eight healthy subjects using high-density Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). Three response modalities were compared: Overt Verbal, Covert Verbal, and Manual. Both Overt Verbal and Manual versions of the Stroop yielded robust Stroop color-word interference as indexed by longer RT for incongruent than ...

Stroop–reverse-Stroop interference is a phenomenon based on word-reading skill acquisition, especially the original color–word task. Few studies have examined preschool children, probably because early childhood school education requirement for occurrence of and difficulties in application to young children. However, many Japanese students begun acquire skills preschool. To estimate age at whic...

In the reverse Stroop task, observers are instructed to ignore the ink color in which a color word is printed (the distractor color) and to respond to the meaning of the color word (the target). Reaction times (RTs) are faster with congruent combinations when the ink color matches the word than with incongruent combinations when the ink color does not match the word. We manipulated the distract...

Models of attention and context effects in naming performance should be able to account for the time course of color-word Stroop interference revealed by manipulations of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between color and word. Prominent models of Stroop task performance (Cohen, Dunbar, & McClelland, 1990; Cohen & Huston, 1994; Phaf, Van der Heijden, & Hudson, 1990) fail to account for the f...

In the Stroop task, incongruent color associates (e.g., LAKE) interfere more with color identification than neutral words do (e.g., SEAT). However, color associates have historically been related to colors in the response set. Response set membership is an important factor in Stroop interference, because color words in the response set interfere more than color words not in the response set. It...