Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein (1896-1966) studied movement in order to understand the brain. Contra Pavlov, he saw movements (thus, the brain) as coordinated. For Bernstein, the cortex was a stochastic device; the more cortexes an animal species has, the more variable its actions will be. Actions are planned with a stochastic "model of the future," and relevance is established through blind ...

The purpose of the study. peculiarities everyday life in Ukrainian village during late Stalinism framework women’s survival experience first postwar decade are highlighted article. research is based on memories peasant women Zhytomyr region, whose childhood took place 1940s. Methodological basis study historical-anthropological approach, with one its manifestations being history life. Scientifi...

This paper uses both correlational and experimental methods to explore the power of counterfactual cognitions about the past to constrain judgments about the future as well as policy preferences. Study 1 asked 47 specialists on the Soviet Union to assess both the plausibility of controversial counterfactuals and the probability of controversial conditional forecasts. The results reveal deep ide...

This article investigates V. P. Aksyonov’s argument with L. N. Tolstoy about the role of personality in history his trilogy Generations Winter. The saga protagonists’ spiritual awakening and self-identification are discussed context Tolstoy’s view on activity general mass people who take part a historical event determine its outcome. allows to elicit man’s personal responsibility under Stalinis...

After the dismantling of socialism in Soviet Union and countries "people's democracy", left forces used different variations ideological transformation reactualization its program. The most relevant model adaptation was preservation "anti-capitalism" combination with desire to use mechanisms liberal democracy. Parties that have chosen this path are referred as "radical left" (RLP). While remain...