Existing research has shown that highly diverse countries tend to provide less public goods. This article argues, by contrast, that the relationship is spurious: both contemporary ethnic heterogeneity and low public goods provision represent legacies of a weakly developed state capacity inherited from the past. Classical theories of state formation are then tested to show that favorable topogra...

Substandard, Spurious, Falsely-Labelled, Falsified and Counterfeit (SSFFC) drugs are an emerging public health concern in India. With one of the huge pharmaceutical sectors in the world, India has a varied prevalence of SSSFC drugs ranging from 0.04% to 34% according to various studies. Apart from severe health consequences, SSSFC drugs also weaken community's trust in the health care system. I...

Systems in which reaction terms are coupled to diffusion and advection transports arise in a wide range of chemical engineering applications, physics, biology and environmental. In these cases, the components of the unknown can denote concentrations or population sizes which represent quantities and they need to remain positive. Classical finite difference schemes may produce numerical drawback...

A 50-year-old woman with recently diagnosed stage IV diffuse large B-cell lymphoma had been started on combination chemotherapy. One month later, she presented with a history of progressive neurological symptoms characterized by left hemiparesis and right facial nerve palsy. A manual cell count on a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample revealed a white cell count of 0.006 109/L. The white cells had...

Abstraction is a powerful technique in search and plan-ion is a powerful technique in search and planning. A fundamental problem of abstraction is that it can create spurious paths, i.e., abstract paths that do not correspond to valid concrete paths. In this paper, we define spurious paths as a generalization of spurious states. We show that spurious paths can be categorized into two types: sta...