The purpose of this study was to examine the use of non-parametric methods in estimating tree level growth models. In non-parametric methods the growth of a tree is predicted as a weighted average of the values of neighbouring observations. The selection of the nearest neighbours is based on the differences between tree and stand level characteristics of the target tree and the neighbours. The ...

Transpiration of a mixed spruce-aspen-birch forest at the Valday Hills in Russia was determined using sap fl ow measurements and two different SVAT (Soil–Vegetation–Atmosphere-Transfer) models. The more sophisticated Mixed Forest multi-layer SVAT model (MF-SVAT) considers water uptake and transpiration of each tree species individually, and the simple Multi-Layer (ML-SVAT) describes the forest ...

Under changing environmental conditions, biomass development on the tree and the stand level may differ from today, regardless if the induced change is due to a shift in the general climate properties or to forest management. Under these conditions, tree biomass can not be derived from tables based on former investigations but has to be defi ned from particular biomass investigations, which gen...

Variation in insect herbivory can lead to population structure in plant hosts as indicated by defence traits. In annual herbaceous, defence traits may vary between geographic areas but evidence of such patterns is lacking for long-lived species. This may result from the variety of selection pressures from herbivores, long distance gene flow, genome properties, and lack of research. We investiga...

The article is devoted to the development of a method for classifying reflection spectra spruce needles different health categories and assessing quality classification. Such spruces have been chosen that include initial stages drying out, which essential early detection disease foci, but makes it difficult classify according visual criteria by means remote sensing Earth. An algorithm untrained...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Allowing for dispersal limitation, a species' geographic distribution should reflect its environmental requirements. Comparisons among closely related species should reveal adaptive differentiation in species characteristics that are consistent with their differences in geographic distribution. This expectation was tested by comparing characteristics of seedlings of spruce s...

Conifers, Ginkgo, cycads and gnetophytes comprise the four groups of extant gymnosperms holding a unique position of sharing common ancestry with the angiosperms. Comparative studies of gymnosperms and angiosperms are the key to a better understanding of ancient seed plant morphologies, how they have shifted over evolution to shape modern day species, and how the genes governing these morpholog...

The distribution of the Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Leiopicus medius) is restricted to mature deciduous forests with large trees, mainly oaks (Quercus spp.). Intensive forest management resulted in loss many suitable habitats, thus resulting a decline population this species. This study aimed identify parameters foraging sites breeding season (April June) and non-breeding (other months). researc...

In a changing climate, forest managers need to select productive and climate-change-resilient tree species provenances. Therefore, assessing the growth response of provenances growing in field trials climate provides useful information for identifying more appropriate provenance or variety. To determine genetic gain through selection most resilient families decipher role crown forms Norway spru...