Trees can improve air quality, but at the same time, pollution might put them at risk. Plane(Platanus orientalis L) and willow trees (Salix babylonicaL) are important trees in the green space of Tehran. Plane trees in Tehran have experienced early autumn in recent years due to severe air pollution. The present study, investigated some physiological traits of these trees under study to determine...

This article devoted to etymological analysis of the word grəˉhmā in holy book Avesta religion Mazda Yasna (Zoroastrianism). Attempted search for different meanings and transformation its plural (?) form grəˉhmō, which had took from indoevropian stem refleced on uzbekian g‘aram (gharam), persian giromi.

Soma was originally Sauma as the Sanskrit form of the Avesta name Haoma. It is a loan word from the Chinese term, Hao-Ma, fire coloured hempior fibrous items like hemp and also coloured yellow with a tinge of brown. The Aryans as hunters took its juice as anti-fatigue drink. It was extolled as panacea and even as drink of longevity. The plant and its stalks were crushed between stones to produc...

Avestan’ is the name of the ritual language of Zoroastrianism, which was the state religion of the Iranian empire in Achaemenid, Arsacid and Sasanid times, covering a time span of more than 1200 years. It is named after the ‘Avesta’, i.e., the collection of holy scriptures that form the basis of the religion which was allegedly founded by Zarathushtra, also known as Zoroaster, by about the begi...

garshasp has peregrinated an agelong path from avesta epoch to the time of preparation of old historical context and iran’s national epic. garshasp, who is the unique hero of iran’s old mythology, that his brave acts, such as killing the dragon and ogre lobbing are important parts of the heroic themes included in the avesta, through the advent of pahlavi literary context because of reasons such...