Three experiments investigated the frames of reference used in memory to represent the spatial structure of the environment. Participants learned the locations of objects in a room according to an intrinsic axis of the configuration; the axis was different from or the same as their viewing perspective. Judgments of relative direction using memory were most accurate for imagined headings paralle...

This study examined priming spatial memory by frames of reference. Participants verified verbal descriptions of scenes which depicted spatial relations among objects. The intrinsic and relative frames of reference were used in the descriptions with varying degrees of veridicality. Descriptions in the two reference frames could either be equally distributed in terms of validity (50:50 ratio of t...

The present study examined sex differences in spatial working and reference memory in C57BL/6 mice. Males and females were tested in a version of the spatial 8-arm radial arm maze in which the motivating stimulus was escape from water. To test spatial working memory, four arms were baited with submerged escape platforms, each of which was removed after it was found. Four arms that never contain...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is a disease of the immune system that creates damage of learning and memory in that. using probiotic supplements is recommended for preventing ms disease and improving memory. this study aimed to investigate the effect of lactobacillus plantarum (lp) and bifidobacterium b94 (bb94), on acquisition phase of spatial memory in the local demyelination of rats` hi...

introduction: alzheimer disease is a progressive and irreversible neuropsychiatric disorder. melissa officinalis improves anxiety and clinical dementia symptoms caused by ad therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mellisa extract on spatial memory deficit induced by stz in mwm examination of male wistar rats. methods: in the present study, 112 male wistar rats ...

Sleep fragmentation is a common symptom in sleep disorders and other medical complaints resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness. The present study seeks to explore the effects of sleep fragmentation on learning and memory in a spatial reference memory task and a spatial working memory (WM) task. Fischer/Brown Norway rats lived in custom treadmills designed to induce locomotor activity every 2...

Forty-seven patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) were investigated on the Nine-Box Maze. The task was designed to compare working memory and spatial mapping theories of the functions of the hippocampus and provide measures of spatial, object, working, and reference memory. The results extended our previous findings in a larger group of patients. Spatial memory deficits across b...