W hen I taught my first course in bioethics to first-year students at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons in the spring semester of 1981, bioethics was still in its formative years. There were scant few textbooks around and even fewer anthologies, and I could not assume that any of my students had ever read anything by a bioethicist or about bioethics. The key institutions ...

There is a vast supply of prior art that study models for mental processes. Some studies in psychology and philosophy approach it from an inner perspective in terms of experiences and percepts. Others such as neurobiology or connectionist-machines approach it externally by viewing the mind as complex circuit of neurons where each neuron is a primitive binary circuit. In this paper, we also mode...

Nonlinear Knapsack Problems (NKP) are the alternative formulation for the multiple-choice knapsack problems. A powerful approach for solving NKP is dynamic programming which may obtain the global op-timal solution even in the case of discrete solution space for these problems. Despite the power of this solu-tion approach, it computationally performs very slowly when the solution space of the pr...