Perhaps Functional Grammar’s most distinctive feature is its extensive use of the so-called layered structure of the clause (LSC). The LSC is used as both a descriptive and explanatory construct, dividing the linguistic world into various hierarchically related layers, each with concomitant operators and satellites. Since Hengeveld’s original Layers and Operators article (1989), the principle o...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Fuzzy logic expert system Fuzzy inference system Soil quality Soil restoration Soil physical indicators Due to landscaping, mining and construction activities on previously cultivated land, more and more soils are excavated, translocated, deposited and restored. In many cases restored soils show signs of structural degradation such as overcompaction and water log...

In flat sedimentary plains in areas with a sub-humid climate, tree planting on grasslands and arable lands creates strong hydrological shifts. As a result of deep rooting and high water uptake of trees, groundwater levels drop and subsurface salt accumulation increases. Tree planting has expanded globally and in Hungary it reached rates of 15 000 ha year(-1), being focused mainly in the Great H...

The temperature dependence of surface-induced atomic layering in liquid gallium has been investigated with x-ray reflectivity. The prominent layering peak at qz52.4 Å 21 decreases dramatically upon heating from 22 to 170 °C, but its width stays, unexpectedly, unchanged. The decrease is traced to the temperature dependence of capillary-wave induced surface roughness. The constant width indicates...

In this study, an integrated multi-soil-layering and subsurface wastewater infiltration (MSL-SWI) system was developed for decentralized domestic sewage treatment under high hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). To improve sustainable nitrogen removal, the influence of intermittent operation shunt distributing on performance MSL-SWI systems investigated. The optimal performance—with removal efficienc...

The multi-soil-layering (MSL) system primarily comprises two parts, specifically, the soil mixture layer (SML) and the permeable layer (PL). In Japan, zeolite is typically used as the permeable layer material. In the present study, zeolite was substituted with comparatively cheaper and more environmentally friendly materials, such as expanded clay aggregates, oyster shells, and already-used gra...