According to the gunman theory, many revolutions do not take place, in spite of the fact that the majority stands to gain if they can put an end to the oppression exercised over it, since a gunman can see to it that egoistic individuals have no incentive to take part in revolution. Champions of the idea that there is a paradox of revolution go further: Even if individuals care about the common ...

The scholarship on the consequences of social revolutions contends that boost state capacity and strengthen state’s developmental projects. Social justice addressing needs ordinary citizens were central themes in discourse Iranian Revolution Islamic Republic emerged as post-revolutionary regime with fall monarchy Iran. In this essay, I assess performance Iran according to various development in...

Many journalistic articles and a few academic ones have been published on the occasion of the half century of the Cuban revolution comparing that nation’s economic and social situation in 1958 and 2008. Such exercise is complicated by serious methodological problems that have not been properly analyzed. This essay summarizes the swings of economic policy in the last 50 years; explains the diffi...

universality and repeatability. And its inherent social, historical, mankind’s and cultural meanings have potential dangers of being destructed. With the coming of industrial revolution, vigorous practice activities of industrial technology transform this possibility into reality. With the proceeding of modernity movement, rationality degenerates into a suppressing force and dominating method g...

This essay makes the case for two conclusions. First, why the scientific revolution did not take place in China is not a question that historical research can answer. It is becomes a useful question primarily when one locates the fallacies that lead people to ask it. Second, a scientific revolution, by the criteria that historians of science use, did take place in China in the eighteenth centur...