I use an instrumental variable approach to estimate the effect of excise taxes on cigarette smuggling. The IV approach addresses the potential endogeneity of excise taxes while controlling for other determinants of smuggling. I use panel data on 47 states from 19902009. The main results confirm the validity of the instrument, the percent of Democrats in the upper house of state legislatures, bu...

Objectives Oxidative stress consequent to cigarette smoking may alter the salivary antioxidant defense system and lead to oral cancer. Green tea, with antioxidant properties, interacts with saliva upon entering the mouth. This experimental study explored the preventive effect of green tea on cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage over 3 weeks. Methods In this clinical trial study sixty volun...

background: recent studies show cardiovascular disease (cvd) risk factors have the tendency to intermingle. integration between some biological and homodynamic risk factors have made the new hypothesis for etiology of cvds. the aim of this study was to determine the clustering pattern of metabolic variables and left ventricular (lv) mass among smoker and non-smoker individuals and the interrela...

COMPARISON OF INCIDENCE AND GRADE PRESSURE ULCER IN SMOKERS NON-SMOKERS ADMITTED TO INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

aim and background: individuals are faced with numerous stressful life events which can negatively influence their mental health. many individuals use smoking as a means of confronting stress. given the relatively high prevalence of smoking in central iran, the present study was conducted to compare stress levels in smokers, non-smokers, and those who had quit smoking. methods and materials: th...

background: cigarette smoking is a worldwide social epidemic and it is one of the main causes of preventable death and disability. gingivitis, periodontitis, pocket depth, attachment loss, alveolar bone loss, and tooth loss are some of oral pathologies commonly found in cigarette smokers. the aim of this study was to explore, for the fi rst time among nigerians, the interplay between components...

Background: The cigarette compounds are associated with the increase in the incidence of oral cancer andprecancerous lesions. Salivary antioxidant system plays an important role in anti-carcinogenic capacity ofsaliva. Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, has a longer half-life in comparison with nicotine and is a suitablemarker for exposure to cigarette smoke. This study aims to measure total antio...

background: blindness due to cataract is a major and important problem in pakistan. the problem is expected to increase in future due to increase in tobacco smoking. the aim of study was to look for the mechanism associated with metal deposition and its effect on antioxidant enzymes in lens of smokers in karachi, pakistan. methods: 20 cataract patients were randomly selected from out patient de...