background: an important part of one's information from surrounding environment comes through olfactory system. so its disorders regardless of the reason can lead to many problems. an appropriate diagnostic smell test is needed to determine the normal range of olfactory sense, to evaluate patient's complaints and to determine the severity of the problem. it is also helpful in follow- up and cho...

BACKGROUND We evaluated smell identification as a biomarker for Alzheimer disease (AD) by assessing its utility in differentiating normal aging from an amnestic disorder and determining its predictive value for conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to AD. METHODS Cross-sectional study (AD = 262, aMCI = 110, controls = 194) measuring smell identification (University of Penn...

Smell dysfunction is a common and underdiagnosed medical condition that can have serious consequences. It is also an early biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, where olfactory deficits precede detectable memory loss. Clinical tests that evaluate the sense of smell face two major challenges. First, human sensitivity to individual odorants varies significantly, ...

Refused bequest is a code smell that originates from introduction of inappropriate class hierarchies where subclasses do not specialize or use the functionalities provided by the parent class. The existing refused bequest code smell identification algorithms use either static analysis or a combination of static and dynamic analysis based technique. However, those algorithms do not consider vers...

This study described the San Diego Odor Identification Test (SDOIT) reliability and compared the SDOIT and the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT). Ninety participants aged 50-70 years completed this 2-visit olfaction study. During visit 1, the SDOIT and B-SIT were administered according to standard protocols. Three weeks later, participants returned to retake the SDOIT. The SDOIT score was...

To explore the nature of the olfactory dysfunction associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), 81 PD patients who scored well on a cognitive screening test were administered the 40-odorant University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; 38 were additionally given a forced-choice phenylethyl alcohol odor detection threshold test. Clinical ratings of 11 neurologic symptoms (three bilateral) w...