In addition to supervision costs, the labor cost of an enterprise (plantation) in the system of slavery consists of the cost of acquiring the slaves and the subsistence compensation given out to the slaves. In this paper, we leave aside the issue of supervision costs previously taken up in the theoretical literature on slavery, and focus on these two peculiar components of labor costs. We analy...

Viruses are curious life forms. Minimalistic and yet equipped with the evolvability to persist and proliferate, there’s clearly a lesson or two to be learned from them on survival. It is perhaps these very intrinsic qualities that have transformed some viruses into the deadliest known pathogens in the history of mankind. A viral epidemic has been the focus of many summer blockbuster movies, whe...

It is estimated that more than 100 million people were enslaved in the millennium during which the Roman Empire rose and fell (Scheidel 2007: 26), yet the archaeology of Classical slavery is still in its infancy, with many Roman archaeologists still believing that slaves remain 'invisible' to archaeological view (see Webster 2005 for an overview). In the last few years however, a small group of...

BACKGROUND Despite the signing of international peace agreements, a deadly war continues in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and sexual violence is a prominent modus operandi of many military groups operating in the region. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of women who presented to Panzi Hospital in 2006 requesting post-sexual violence care. Data was extracted and analyzed to describe...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changes in cross-sectional area morphology of curved canals after instrumentation with Profile((R)), Hero 642((R)), and K3((R)) using digital imaging analysis. Study design Thirty mesial mandibular curved canals were used (25-40 degrees ). The molars were embedded in resin and the roots were sectioned transversely at three levels: apical, middle, and coronal. The canal...

Bonded labor has been already widespread since ancient times and has flourished at various periods in most countries. Bonded labor is outlawed by the 1956 U.N. Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, and most countries have passed their own ban. However, it is estimated that millions of people are still held in bo...

This research demonstrates a diasporic connection between slavery on both sides of the Atlantic, English and African interactions on the Gold Coast, and slave resistance in Jamaica from 1655 to the middle of the eighteenth century. This article transfers the site of ‘seasoning,’ the process by which enslaved peoples became physically and socially acclimatised to slavery, from New World plantati...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The purpose of this study was to compare several parameters of root canal preparation using two different rotary Nickel-Titanium instruments: Pro-Taper (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballagigues, Switzerland) and Hero-Shaper (Micro Mega, Besancon, France). METHODS Twelve extracted maxillary premolars were randomly divided into two groups and embedded into a muffle system. All root c...