Transcutaneous electrical stimulation can depolarize nerve or muscle cells applying impulses through electrodes attached on the skin. For these applications, the electrode-skin impedance is an important factor which influences effectiveness. Various models describe the interface using constant or current-depending resistive-capacitive equivalent circuit. Here, we develop a dynamic impedance mod...

The unique parameters of graphene (GN)-notably its considerable electron mobility, high surface area, and electrical conductivity-are bringing extensive attention into the wearable technologies. This work presents a novel graphene-based electrode for acquisition of electrocardiogram (ECG). The proposed electrode was fabricated by coating GN on top of a metallic layer of a Ag/AgCl electrode usin...

The purpose of this study was to document conductive differences among commercially available electrodes used with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) devices. Impedance within a model system involving a human subject was calculated from oscilloscopic tracings of the pulse waveform for each of 25 different electrode types. Impedance values ranged from 1,000 to 7,800 omega Possibl...

Electrical impedance measurement data and fractional calculus have been utilized for modeling bioimpedance properties of human skin. We introduced and proposed revisited Cole model using modified distributedorder operator based on the Caputo-Weyl fractional derivatives. Our proposed model presents essentially modified single-dispersion Cole model, since it introduces a new parameters k and σ in...

The SonoPrep(R) ultrasonic skin permeation system is used clinically to increase skin permeability for rapid, noninvasive delivery of local anaesthetics. This study tested the hypothesis that sonication can generate a long-lived increase of skin permeability for continuous transdermal drug delivery and diagnostic metabolite extraction. To accomplish this, the volar forearm skin of ten healthy a...

Electromyography is a non-invasive method widely used to map muscle activation. For decades, it was commonly accepted that dry metallic electrodes establish poor electrode-skin contact, making them impractical for skin electromyography applications. Gelled electrodes are therefore the standard in electromyography with their use confined, almost entirely, to laboratory settings. Here we present ...

Deterioration of the skin barrier function causes symptoms such as allergies because various chemical substances may enter human body. Quantitative evaluation thickness and water content stratum corneum is useful a measure in domains dermatology, nursing science, cosmetics development. The responsible for most function, two factors—the corneum—are thus important. In this paper, regarded paralle...